Article V
Equal Justice, Due Process, and Fair Trials
Section 1: Right to Fair Legal Process
No person shall be held to answer for a serious crime without indictment by a grand jury, except in cases involving the military during active service. No individual shall be tried twice for the same offense, compelled to incriminate themselves, or deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
Section 2: Right to a Fair Criminal Trial
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury from the state and district where the crime was committed, with the district determined by law. The accused must be informed of the charges against them, have the right to confront witnesses, and be able to obtain witnesses in their favor through compulsory process. Additionally, the accused has the right to legal counsel for their defense.
Section 3: Right to a Jury Trial in Civil Cases
In cases involving disputes over a value greater than one thousand dollars, the right to a trial by jury shall be preserved. No fact determined by a jury shall be re-examined in any court, except as allowed under the rules of common law.
Section 4: Bail, Fines, and Punishments
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor shall excessive fines be imposed or cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Bail amounts will be determined based on the nature of the crime, the timing of its commission, and the personal financial circumstances of the accused, ensuring fairness and accessibility.
Section 5: Equal Accountability Under the Law
All individuals, regardless of wealth, status, or influence, shall be subject to the same legal standards and consequences. No privilege, immunity, or advantage shall be granted that undermines equal accountability under the law.